What is Hyper Threading Technology ? HT

What is Hyper Threading HT ?.

Hyper-Threading is a technology used by some Intel microprocessor s that allows a single microprocessor to act like two separate processors to the operating system and the application program s that use it. It is a feature of Intel's IA-32 processor architecture.

With Hyper-Threading, a microprocessor's "core" processor can execute two (rather than one) concurrent streams (or thread s) of instructions sent by the operating system. Having two streams of execution units to work on allows more work to be done by the processor during each clock cycle . To the operating system, the Hyper-Threading microprocessor appears to be two separate processors. Because most of today's operating systems (such as Windows and Linux) are capable of dividing their work load among multiple processors (this is called symmetric multiprocessing or SMP ), the operating system simply acts as though the Hyper-Threading processor is a pool of two processors.

What is Intel Turbo boost Technology ?

What is turbo Boost Technology ?

Intel® Turbo Boost Technology 2.01 automatically allows processor cores to run faster than the rated operating frequency if they’re operating below power, current, and temperature specification limits.

Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 is activated when the Operating System (OS) requests a frequency higher than the rated frequency of the processor.  Whether the processor enters into and the amount of time the processor spends in the Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 state depends on the workload and operating environment.

Maximum turbo frequency indicates the highest possible frequency achievable when conditions allow the processor to enter turbo mode. Intel Turbo Boost Technology frequency varies depending on workload, hardware, software and overall system configuration.

Due to varying power characteristics, some parts with Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 may not achieve maximum turbo frequencies when running heavy workloads and using multiple cores concurrently.

Availability and frequency upside of Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 state depends upon a number of factors including, but not limited to the following:

• Type of workload
• Number of active cores
• Estimated current consumption
• Estimated power consumption
• Processor temperature

When the processor is operating below these limits and the user's workload demands additional performance, the processor frequency will dynamically increase until the upper limit of frequency is reached. Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 has multiple algorithms operating in parallel to manage current, power, and temperature to maximize frequency and energy efficiency. Note: Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 allows the processor to operate at a power level that is higher than its TDP configuration and data sheet specified power for short durations to maximize performance.

What is Clock Speed?

Question :- What is clock Speed ?

Ans:- Clock speed is a measure of how quickly a computer completes basic computations and operations. It is measured as a frequency in hertz (Hz), and most commonly refers to the speed of the computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU). While computer developers and users can refer to this term regarding CPU performance, this has fallen out of favor as CPUs have become more complex. The easiest ways to boost clock speed in a computer include upgrading components and "overclocking" a piece of hardware.

Question :- What Clock Speeds Measure ?

Ans:- There is a small quartz crystal inside of a CPU that vibrates at a particular oscillation or frequency. This frequency sets the "speed" of processes in the computer and is usually very high; they are typically measured in megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz). A megahertz is one-million cycles per second, while a gigahertz is one-billion cycles per second. So a computer with a clock speed of 800 MHz is running 800,000,000 cycles per second, while a 2.4 GHz computer is running 2,400,000,000 cycles per second.

These cycles set the speed for all processes within a computer. This ensures that all components and memory are working together at a rate that remains harmonious. Different components and processes can also run as a fraction of the primary CPU speed, which allows each element of a computer to work on its own and still function with the primary frequency of the CPU .

Question :- How to Improving CPU Performance

Ans :- There are a number of ways in which a computer user can increase the speed of his or her computer. Upgrading an older CPU to a new one, for example, can provide hardware with a higher clock speed or multiple "cores." Multi-core processors are essentially two or more CPUs in one, which offer greater performance for software programs that can take advantage of multiple cores.

It is also possible to "overclock" a processor. This basically increases the clock speed of a CPU beyond what is recommended by the manufacturer, allowing the computer to run faster. Overclocking a CPU is not generally recommended, however, as it produces additional heat that can damage the processor or other components and typically voids most computer's warranties.

Difference Between Fat and NTFS . NTFS or FAT

NTFS or FAT

You will almost always get the same answer: Go for NTFS! It has better security! Better this! Better that!

Folks, I’m here to tell you that that isn’t always the case, nothing is that clear cut (Life is never clear cut, rule no.1) and that the best solution is to have both file systems.

Well, Which One Should I Choose?

I can’t choose for you. I don’t know your situation, nor know your needs, you environment and so on. The choice to go for either FAT or NTFS will entirely hinge on how you will use your hard disk. The easiest way to do that is to list the features of both file systems.

Comparison between NTFS and FAT

NTFS

FAT 16/32

Default File system In Windows XP, 2k and NT Support For Drives over 40gb, Files over GB Allows extended file names, foreign characters Has a severely crippled maintenance system in chkdsk Chkdsk is notoriously slow Increased security with file encryption Smaller file clusters, 4kb Compression to reduce disk space User permissions for files and folders File copies are “undone” if interrupted, cluster chains is cleaned Small files are kept in Master File Table at the beginning of the drive Not compatible with different operating systems on the same computer

Fat 16 not compatible with XP, FAT is more compatible with other operating Systems( Windows 95, etc) FAT 16 has 8.3 character limitation Has better, more and interactive recovery utilities (scandisk) Scandisk is very quick Just a space for the OS to read files Faster on drives less than 10gb FAT 16 cluster size is 32kb Cluster chains containing data from interrupted copies are marked as damaged Master File Table are separate from files

Some Random Facts

• Fat 16 was developed in 1981 for dos
• Fat 16 was designed to handle floppies
• Fat 32 is an extension of Fat 16
• Fat 32 introduced in service pack 2 of Windows 95
• Operating systems may recognise Fat16, but not Fat 32 (Win NT)
• You can go from FAT to NTFS but not the other way around
• FAT = File Allocation Table
• NTFS = New Technology File System

Well, Which One Should I Choose?

If you really only want to choose one way or another, here are two very important considerations:

• For files above 4gb, and hard disks above 32gb, go for NTFS
• For smaller drives, files and better recovery tools go for FAT
• But why not go for both, which is the best option in my opinion.
• Set aside some FAT so that you can run recovery tools, especially scandisk, so that you have something usable when things go awry, instead of the awful Windows System Tools.
• Then set the rest to NTFS so that you have better security on personal files, support for large files and drive.

More Detailed Comparison

Criteria NTFS5 NTFS FAT32 FAT16 Operating System Windows 2000 Windows XP Windows NT Windows 2000 Windows XP Windows 98 Windows ME Windows 2000 Windows XP DOS All versions of Microsoft Windows Limitations Max Volume Size 2TB 2TB 2TB 2GB Max Files on Volume Nearly Unlimited Nearly Unlimited Nearly Unlimited ~65000 Max File Size Limit Only by Volume Size Limit Only by Volume Size 4GB 2GB Max Clusters Number Nearly Unlimited Nearly Unlimited 268435456 65535 Max File Name Length Up to 255 Up to 255 Up to 255 Standard - 8.3 Extended - up to 255 File System Features Unicode File Names Unicode Character Set Unicode Character Set System Character Set System Character Set System Records Mirror MFT Mirror File MFT Mirror File Second Copy of  FAT Second Copy of  FAT Boot Sector Location First and Last Sectors First and Last Sectors First Sector First Sector File Attributes Standard and Custom Standard and Custom Standard Set Standard Set Alternate Streams Yes Yes No No Compression Yes Yes No No Encryption Yes No No No Object Permissions Yes Yes No No Disk Quotas Yes No No No Sparse Files Yes No No No Reparse Points Yes No No No Volume Mount Points Yes No No No Overall Performance Built-In Security Yes Yes No No Recoverability Yes Yes No No Performance Low on small volumes High on Large Low on small volumes High on Large High on small volumes Low on large Highest on small volumes Low on large Disk Space Economy Max Max Average Minimal on large volumes Fault Tolerance Max Max Minimal Average